Feminism in Film Movie Review Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2250 words

Feminism in Film - Movie Review ExampleThe first is a romantic buffoonery romp set in stylized candy colors with serious underlying tones. The second is a true-to-life drama that is serious and heavy from the get-go. but both speak volumes on female oppression and the primacy of the male wish in film and popular culture.Laura Mulvey (1990) has come up with the theory of the male gaze, a theory that visual pop culture is tailored around pleasing the heterosexual male spectator and satisfying his desire for pleasure. Says MulveyIn a world ordered by sexual imbalance, pleasure in looking has been split between active/male and passive/female. The determining male gaze projects its fantasy onto the female figure, which is styled accordingly. In their traditional exhibitionist role women are simultaneously looked at and displayed, with their appearance coded for strong visual and erotic impact so that they can be said to connote looked-at-ness. Woman displayed as sexual object is the leitmotif of erotic spectacle from pin-ups to striptease, from Ziegfield to Busby Berkeley, she holds the look, plays to and signifies male desire.This paper will look for two movies where the issue of sexual roles, and the objectification of women, come into fore. These two movies are But Im a Cheerleader and Boys Dont Cry. ... The film is a virtual commentary on stereotypes and the deleterious set up of stereotyping.For instance, the evidence used to demonstrate that Megan is a lesbian or has lesbian tendencies is the fact that she is a vegetarian, the photos she keeps of girls, and a displayed poster of Melissa Etheridge, known to be a gay icon admired and loved by lesbians. Equally disturbing are the activities they are made to undergo at the camp. For instance, they are bombarded by images of women playacting tasks that are stereotyped as being for women and men performing tasks that are widely regarded as being for men. What this does is that it pigeonholes women and relega tes them to certain roles in society, and conveys the message that they cannot nurture dreams that live social conventions or venture beyond the parameters that have been set out for them. In effect, this supports the theory of the male gaze, for in fact, these roles and these boxes have been created by a largely patriarchal and heterosexual society, where women are judged according to the yardsticks set up by men. The attractiveness of women, for instance, is judged through male lenses. If a woman behaves in a manner disapproved by men, then she is castigated, or in this case, called a lesbian. For example, the lead characters abject refusal to make out with a male character in the movie, Jared, is perceived as a deviation from the norm. This springs from the assumption that women jump at the chance to make out with men. The look and feel of the movie is very cotton-candy. There are deep hues of blue and pink. This suggests that the director is using color to further emphasize the point on stereotyping. Deep blue is

Case Study Module 8 Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Module 8 - Case Study ExampleThis clinic has sites in Minnesota, Florida, Scottsdale, Arizona, Rochester and Jacksonville (Hawn, 2011).The mission of mayonnaise Clinic is to provide utmost care to every patient severally day through built-in research, education and practice. Collectively, all three locations of Mayo Clinic work together to treat more than half a million patients each year Mayo, therefore, is supporting the most comprehensive research department so that it can apply its philosophy of bringing bench to bedside and it has developed Mayo College of Medicine to teach and prepare professionals of future health check field (Smith & Gronseth, 2011).In dish industry, customers are most important stakeholders and it is vital for companies to provide top choice services to them (Schweikhart, 2009). In case of healthcare industry, each customer needs to be given individual attention and every medical requirement needs to be fulfilled so that everyone is provided utmost care and all mandatory medical services. As an important member of health care industry, Mayo Clinic has made sure that it enhances its service level by trying to improve its entire quality management system (Dudas, 2011). It is important that workforce of Mayo Clinic is provided a conducive work environment along with competent skill development options so that each patient is provided excellent quality services which helps them in recovery at a fast pace and assist them in living a prescript and healthy life (Ramlall, Welch, Walter & Tomlinson, 2009). The main problems and issues faced by Mayo Clinic are1. Mayo Clinic has high demand for its services but it has inadequate capacity to invite all demands of customers more than thousands of patients are turned down because of inadequate space for accommodating them.Whenever any organization faces any problem, it is more likely to have an pertain on all of

The Legalization of Physician Assisted Suicide Essay Example for Free

The Legalization of m wind upelevium Assisted Suicide EssayThe Legalization of Physician Assisted SuicideOf all the controversial topics to I could have chosen to discuss, the topic of physician assisted finis is one that seems to be very taboo, stock-still to date. Oregon is the tho state to successfully pass a bill legalizing the practice this bill is called the Death With Dignity Act (DWDA). Some may prorogue physician-assisted death with euthanasia, yet they be two completely different acts. Euthanasia requires a physician, or different entity, to administer a deadly concoction physician-assisted death is at the request of a last-place stagely ill enduring, the doctor provides a prescription of lethal medication which the uncomplaining takes of their admit free willing when they decide the time has bed. The legalization of physician-assisted suicide will open up undecomposed one much(prenominal) option for patients ugly from terminal illnesses and allow th em to egest with a little dignity. Terminally ill patients dont have a readiness of options, most suffer greatly on a day-to-day basis. The appendage of just one more option to much(prenominal) a short list whoremonger do a lot to psychologically comfort a patient. In his essay Physician-Assisted Death in the United States Are the Existing Last Resorts Enough? Timothy E. pecker outlines some(prenominal) aspects of physician-assisted death, specifically the fact that terminally ill patients strike as umteen options as they can get.Terminally ill patients suffer a great deal they know that eventually they will die. He states that in that location ar several last rectify options, including aggressive ailfulness management, foregoing life-sustaining therapies, voluntarily stopping eating and drinking, and sedation to coma (17-22). Some of the suggested last-resort methods seem to be no better than physician-assisted suicide. Take, for example, the method of voluntarily s topping eating and drinking (VSED) for a patient, who is already ache from the chronic pain of illness, is it fair to ask them to add the suffering of voluntary hunger and dehydration? Sedation to unconsciousness seems to be no better of a solution the patient is put into a comatose state until they eventually die. This solution seems to ease the suffering of the patient, yet extend the suffering of the family. Aside from VSED and sedation, to forgo life-sustaining therapies seems to be no better. If a patient is currently undergoing alleviatory shell out to treat symptoms that argon causing them to suffer, why stop the treatment and increase the suffering rather than endthe suffering once and for all? Quill goes on to discuss the fact that the choices available to a terminally ill patient are so few that thither should be no harm in adding just one more to the very short list.For example, Quill states that some patients will need a way out, and arbitrarily withholding one impor tant option from patients whose options are so limited seems unfair (17-22). Quill put one acrosss the point that a patient suffering from a terminal illness will want a way out not necessarily a way out of life, simply a way out of the suffering. in that location are very few options for person with chronic suffering, as relief is difficult to come by for someone who is dying. Physician-assisted suicide is just one of these options, and its an option that should not be overlooked. In addition, Quill goes further to state that the option of physician-assisted suicide is only an option, just one choice a patient can make about their own health maintenance. Most patients will be reassured by the accident of an escape, and the vast majority will never need to activate that possibility (17-22). This is a very powerful quote, as it brings forth the point of legalizing physician-assisted suicide doesnt mean that the act will result in a large amount of deaths. The legalization of th e act will simply add one more possibility to the list of last-resorts available to a patient.The quote also goes as uttermost as to say that the vast majority of patients will simply be reassured that, should all other options be exhausted, there is still the possibility of a final escape never actually needing to use it, should alleviator contend and hospice suffice in controlling the symptoms of suffering. With the examples provided, we can see that the need for legalizing physician-assisted death is important for patients who suffer from day today. Opening just one more option, when there are so few to choose from, will give the patients a sense experience of reassurance that they can still have control over their lives. Physician-assisted death is mean as a last resort option denying the patient a final escape, when all other options have been exhausted, is unfair. Now that weve established that a terminally ill patient will benefit from knowing that they have the option o f a final escape, lets talk about why a patient would resort to using physician-assisted suicide.Among the most sensible reasons to end ones life, the thought of an end to suffering comes to mind. However, we already know that end-of-life palliative rush is put into place in order to helpease the suffering and pain of a terminal illness. This is true, but when is too much? Going lynchpin to Timothy Quill, he states that there will always be a small percentage of cases where suffering sometimes travels unacceptably severe (17-22). While suffering is a constant, there are several degrees of suffering sometimes this suffering can be easily controlled with palliative trouble and aggressive pain management. However, Quill notes that there are times where the suffering cannot be easily controlled, and there comes a point when it becomes simply unacceptable. When suffering reaches this point, it is time for a patient to show up thinking about last resort options looking for a way to end the suffering. A patient living with terminal cancer is, without a doubt, suffering. mitigative care and hospice care are programs put into place with no intent other than to alleviate the suffering. In her essay Euthanasia and Assisted Suicide in that location is an Alternative, Sylvia Dianne Ledger describes suffering as such, It occurs when a person perceives the impending destruction of themselves, and it is associated with a qualifying of hope (81-94). This description of human suffering is brilliant when trying to advocate an end to said suffering. Ledger states that a person suffers when they sense their own destruction, when they realize that their end is near. Facing ones own mortality is not an easy thing to do. The thought of being unable to stop your own demise can, indeed, cause great suffering. Ledger goes as far as to say that this realization of ones own mortality is associated with a loss of hope, a sense of despair. Along with a loss of hope, there are sever al reasons why a patient would choose physician-assisted suicide as a last resort option. In an article titled The good example for Physician-Assisted Suicide How can it Possibly be Proven? from the journal of Medical Ethics, E Dahl and N Levy report that, according to Oregons Death With Dignity Act, the most frequently reported reasons for choosing physician-assisted death under the DWDA are loss of autonomy, loss of dignity, and loss of the capability to savour the activities that make life worth living (335-338).This report notes that the top reasons for a patient to choose physician-assisted suicide as the final option dont even include an escape from the physical pain. Being terminally ill makes life simply un-enjoyable. The number one reason given for physician-assisted death is a loss of autonomy. To lose the ability to havecontrol over ones life can be psychologically devastating. The loss of dignity and the ability to enjoy life came in closely behind to round out the to p three reasons for wanting death as a final escape. When palliative care doesnt sufficiently ease the pain experienced on a daily basis, last-resort options should be made available to a patient. When chronic pain and illness take away ones ability to enjoy life, take away ones dignity, and take away the human reform of autonomy, an option to end the suffering once and for all should be made available. Even the sick deserve to maintain some semblance of their former selves and die with a little dignity.Those who are against physician-assisted suicide have a valid argument, there are always options to ease suffering and control symptoms. Both hospice and palliative care are viable options in the case of terminally ill patients. While discussing alternative options to physician-assisted suicide and euthanasia, Sylvia Dianne Ledger discusses how far end-of-life care programs have come in helping the terminally ill cope with their disease. She notes that with the rise of the hospice m ovement and the availability of its knowledge and experience in the control of distressing symptoms in terminal disease, there is no longer any real indication for euthanasia (81-94). Ledger notes that both forms of end-of-life care have improved greatly over the years, nice more and more viable when considering end-of-life options. She notes that they have improved in ease of access, becoming more available to patients through reimbursement programs due their growing popularity. Hospice and palliative care are not only more easily accessible to patients with a need for end-of-life treatment, but their mode of delivery has become more efficient nurses can now come to nursing homes, hospitals, even patient homes, in order to provide care specific to each patients needs.While these programs slip away to improve the quality of care they provide, Ledger notes that they also remain a standard among end-of-life care programs and that their implementation leave no room for more forceful options. With such wonderful programs in place and so easily accessible, E. Dahl and N. Levy note that the topic of physician-assisted suicide can actually lead into a discussion about other end-of-life options. They state that a request for aprescription can be an opportunity for a medical provider to research with patients their fears and wishes around end of life care, and to makepatients aware of other options (335-338). This means that when a patient believes that their suffering requires a more direct and aggressive action, perchance suicide shouldnt be the first option. For a patient to request aid in dying opens up the chance to discuss other options for end of life care. These options are, more often than not, palliative and hospice care. A patient has access to medication to control pain as well as a panoptic variety of other symptoms.Only after discussing these options should a patient consider ending their life. While discussing how talks about physician-assisted sui cide have shed a new light on the palliative care option, Wesley J. Smith addresses the ideas of suicide among patients who are currently enrolled in such programs. He states that suicide prevention, when needed, is an essential business office of the package, crucial to fulfilling a hospices call to value the lives and intrinsic dignity of each patient until the moment of inwrought death (85-86). The argument with this phrase is that hospice care programs are aware of the suffering, and realize that patients who are already enrolled in their programs are possibly contemplating an end to their lives. He notes that suicide prevention is actually one of the many services offered by hospice programs. This service is offered because the idea of a hospice is to make a patient as comfortable as possible before their lives end of natural causes. He continues by saying that suicide prevention is crucial to maintaining the values of hospice care to value the life and basic dignities of pa tients enrolled in their programs.There are several wonderful arguments for why patients should choose a long (or short) term care program over suicide, these programs are set up to control pain and other symptoms. These programs have improved greatly over the last several years, and are now able to provide better care reimbursement programs have also become available, as both hospice and palliative care have become a very widely accepted form of last-resort treatments among the terminally ill. While end-of-life care programs are excellent, and offer relief from many of the symptoms affecting patients, these programs seem to do little to overcome the underlying issues causing a patient to desire a final escape. The biggest issue with the ever-expanding hospice and palliative care programs is a lack of manpower. Timothy Quill addresses this issue when discussing last resort options. He states that there remain serious challenges.There are not enough skilledpalliative care clinicians to meet the growing needs (17-22). This is definitely a problem with the end-of-life programs which are growing rapidly. With programs such as Medicaid who are willing to reimburse patients who truly need palliative care, many more patients who are actively dying will be enrolling in these programs. If these programs are not fully prepared and staffed to meet their growing clientele, there wont be enough nurses available to treat patients. Quill goes on to state that even if a patient is fully educated on palliative care options, enrolled, and being treated by a nurse, this may not be a reason to rule out the final escape. He notes that all last resort options, including physician-assisted death, make sense only if excellent palliative care is already being provided (17-22). This argument directly refutes the oppositions view that hospice and palliative care are acceptable alternatives to physician-assisted-death. He states that the last resort options only become acceptable if all other options have been exhausted. Once a patient has enrolled in hospice care and an aggressive pain management frame has been implemented, what if they continue to suffer. At this point, once palliative care has failed to control the suffering, physician-assisted death is an option that should be considered. When discussing how physician-assisted suicide has corrupted palliative care programs, Wesley J. Smith provides selective information which further refutes the oppositions claim.He states that according to the state, approximately 86 percent of people who died by swallowing poisonous overdoses under the Oregon law were receiving hospice care at the time they committed suicide (85-86). Its clear that the alternative to physician-assisted suicide is not doing a well-enough job of keeping patients suffering to a minimum. In Oregon, where physician-assisted death is legal, a vast majority of patients who take advantage of this option have already tried the alternatives. Hospice care may work, for a time, but if the suffering continues while the patient is receiving treatment to control the symptoms, there is still one option left. Through these examples it can be seen that, while hospice and palliative care are programs that are designed to control symptoms and comfort a patient in their last moments, they cant be the absolute answer.Pain is not the only thing causing patients to suffer. A terminally ill patient who has little control over what is left of their time deserve to maintain their dignity in deathlegalizing physician-assisted suicide will give patients one last moment of control over their lives. A patient doesnt have a lot of options when the prognosis is death, and the options on the list arent necessarily the best. When suggestions such as voluntarily stopping eating and drinking, or sedation into permanent unconsciousness are suggested, it seems almost unfair to deny a patient the option of a final, absolute escape. While hospice and palliat ive care have a come a long way, and are indeed viable programs for symptom management, there are still aspects of suffering that they cannot control.Pain is just symptom of a terminally patient. Reports of loss of autonomy, loss of dignity, and an inability to enjoy life seem to be at the top of the list when patients begin discussing the desire for death. While the arguments against physician-assisted death hold weight, and make good points, the fact remains that denying someone one last option to control their life is unfair. When someone has lost the ability to enjoy life, lost the sense of control over their own destiny, the availability of a final escape is comforting. Physician-assisted death should be legalized, in order to provide patients just one more option on a list that is so incredibly short. The simple availability of this option should, at the very least, comfort patients if they know that they have a final resort should all other possibilities be exhausted.Works Ci tedDahl, E. and Levy, N. The Case for Physician Assisted Suicide How Can It Possibly Be Proven? Journal of Medical Ethics 32.6 (2006) 335-338. ProQuest Research Library. 10 Apr 2012 Ledger, Sylvia Dianne. Euthanasia and Assisted Suicide There is an Alternative. Ethics Medicine 23.2 (2007) 81-94. ProQuest Research Library. 10 Apr 2012. Smith, Wesley J. Assisted Suicide and the putrescence of Palliative Care. Human Life Review 34.2 (2008) 85-86. ProQuest Research Library. 12 Apr 2012 Quill, Timothy E. Physician-Assisted Death in the United States Are the Existing Last Resorts Enough? The Hasting pertain Report 38.5 (2008) 17-22. JSTOR. 10 Apr 2012

Why hunting is possitive Essay Example for Free

Why search is possitive EssayThe human being has been run ever since time began. It was the only way of life back then. A hunting watch was either successful and survived or not successful and died. Hunting is put away a way of survival for some people. on that point atomic number 18 many anti-hunting activists out there trying to bring down hunting. They say that it is cruel and remember to kill a defenseless animal. What they dont understand is that if we didnt hunt, the world would be completely different. Hunting has many positive effects on not only the environment but withal the economy and peoples life.When people think of the most dangerous animal in coupling the States they think of bears and sharks. There exact only been 28 deadly bear attacks and 10 deadly shark attacks in the past 10 geezerhood (Rice, 2011). The most dangerous animal may well be the deer. There are nearly 32 million deer alive straight off (25 Reasons, 2013). With roads and highways going through areas that are heavily populated by deer, more than than 1 million car accidents are ca dropd by dear per year. Due to those 1 million car accidents, there is $1 cardinal in vehicle damage, 200 deaths and 10,000 psycheal injures per year (Rice, 2011).Hunting lowers the risk of a driver collision a deer. For every deer hit by a car, hunters kill 6 (25 Reasons, 2013). When a hunter kills a deer they tamp away the rule of that deer getting hit by a car. If we didnt hunt, those numbers of vehicle accidents caused by deer would go up dramatically because the population would be higher. Hunting is also a method of conservation as it keeps the population of animals down, keeping them compatible with human activity. Hunters not only help wildlife conservation by keeping the population down but also by purchasing the weapons and ammunition.In 1937 hunters requested an 11% revenue enhancement on weapons and ammunition by introducing the Pittman-Robertson Act. The tax from this Act generates $371 million dollars a year (25 Reasons, 2013). In just state licenses and fees alone, hunters generate $769 million a year for conservation programs (25 Reasons, 2013). Altogether including donations hunters pay more than $1. 6 billion dollars for conservation (25 Reasons, 2013). The notes goes to conservationist across the country (Hunting and Wildlife, 2012).The land area and the number of licenses in that area is what decide where the money getsdistributed (Hunting and Wildlife, 2012). The money supports conservation efforts by the department of natural resources such as conducting research, wildlife reintroductions, and improving wildlife habitat. Hunting conservation not only keeps the population of animals down, but it nates also help bring the numbers of endangered animals up. Hunting regulations and conservation efforts have brought many species populations from few numbers to many.In 1907 only 41,000 elk remained in sum America, now there are more than 1 m illion. In 1900 there were only 500,000 whitetail deer andonly 100,000 wild turkeys, now there are more than 32 million whitetail and 7 million wild turkeys (25 Reasons, 2013). Also many non-hunted animals benefit off the conservation efforts that hunters provide (25 Reasons, 2013).These animals were able to take a rebound in their numbers by the conservation efforts. These efforts include the conservationist protecting the land and making untouchable areas. President Theodor Roosevelt was an avid hunter and conservationist. He created 230 million acres of protected forest and wetlands for wildlife (25 Reasons, 2013). Hunting has a major impact on the economy.There are a total of 15. 5 million hunters over the age of six in the United States of America (Fueling, 2013). When a person goes hunting they have to have gear to hunt. Hunters also sometimes travel to go hunt, whether it is in a different state or just down the road. The purchase of the gear and travel has an impact on the American economy. In 2011 American hunters fagged $38. 3 billion dollars in hunting equipment and travel expenses. That is more than the revenue of Comcast for that same year (Fueling, 2013). Travelers spent $10. 4 billion on trip related expenses in 2011 (Fueling, 2013).The total amount of money spent on gear in 2011 was $27. 9 billion (Fueling, 2013). Duck and geese hunters use decoys and calls when they hunt. They spent $302 million on the decoys and calls in 2011 (Fueling, 2013). A hunter cannot 1 / 2 hunt without a weapon whether it is archery or a firearm. In 2011 hunters spent a total of $6 billion on guns, ammunition, and archery equipment (Fueling, 2013). Hunters are improving the American economy in these hard economic times. In 2011 hunters in America have spent 30% more on hunting than five years ago (Fueling, 2013). Another aspect of the American economy is providingpeople with jobs. Hunters grant the people of America with over 680,000 jobs (25 Reasons, 2013).Those 6 80,000 people are able to have an income and support their family because of hunters. Hunting is a tradition passed down from generation to generation. People have been hunting since the beginning of time. The ways of hunting have changed the way life is today. Back in the time of the Native Americans they didnt have a grocery store that they could go and get food at. The men were hunters and warriors and the women would plant gardens and take care of the village.Theydepended on the men to go and kill an animal that would feed their family and tribe. These maneuver have been passed down from generation to generation and has evolved immensely. Not only has the ways of hunting evolved, but also the tools used to hunt have evolved. People today still depend on hunting as a primary source of meat for their families. Hunting puts food on the table for survival. A scud that is 180 pounds that is killed will yield 72 pounds of meat (How Much, 2005). In 2012, 31,140 bucks were harvested i n Michigan (Frawley, 2012). If all of those bucks weighed 180pounds then 2,242,080 pounds of venison to feed families would have been harvested.There were a total of 418,012 harvested in Michigan in 2012 (Frawley, 2012). 418,012 deer fed families and was food on their tables. Hunting can teach many responsibilities and life lessons. The first lesson hunting can teach is how to handle a powerful weapon. In order to use a weapon to hunt, a hunter has to take a hunters synthetic rubber class to learn how to use the weapon and how dangerous it is. A weapon is such a simple machine but powerful enough to take a life. A person has to respect and learn how to handle theweapon with care and responsibility. Learning how to use the weapon can provide a person with a way to defend them if they were in harms way.When a person is out hunting they get to respect and observe the beauty of nature. They can view how delicate it can be but also how much strength it can hold. Hunting teaches survival skills such as how to clean the animal, how to be self-sufficient by providing yourself with a meal and pulling the trigger on an animal. Overall hunting is positive in many ways. It has been tradition since the beginning of time. There are many ways that hunting is improving and evolving.There are many more changes that can happen to make it more successful. It has many contributions to an individual, a creature, and a country.References Frawley, B. (June, 2012). Michigan deer harvest survey report 2012 seasons. Michigan Department of Natural Resources, http//www. michigan. gov/documents/dnr/ MI_Deer_Harvest_Survey_Report_2012_426213_7. pdfFueling the American economy. (2013), Americas sporting heritage, http//www. sportsmenslink. org/uploads/page/ sparing%20Impact%20Report%20E-version. pdfHow much will your deer yield, (July 10, 2005).Butcher amp Deer, http//www. butcher- packer. com/index. php?main_page=document_general_infoampproducts_id=331Hunting and wildlife conservation go hand in hand. (December 27, 2012), Department of Natural Resources, http//www. michigan. gov/dnr/0,4570,7-153-10370_12141-294259,00. htmlRice, D. (2011, November 1).Deer-car collisions increase this time of year. USA TODAY. http//usatoday30. usatoday. com/ news show/nation/story/2011-10-31/deer-car-accidents- rise/51019604/125 reasons why hunting is conservation. (2013), Rocky mountain elk foundation, htt p//www. rmef. org/Conservation/HuntingIsConservation/25ReasonsWhyHuntingIsConservation. aspx POWERED BY TCPDF (WWW. TCPDF. ORG).

Astronomy Story Essay Example for Free

Astronomy Story EssayThe day my life would change for ever was April 16th, 2013. This was the day t eyelid I left orbiter earth and embarked on one of the most important missions in NASAs history. I should probably back up though, and explain to you how this came most. April 16th was sunny with still a some clouds in the sky, the smell of spring was in the air and with the end of second semester right around the corner, the quad was packed with people gauge to catch some much desi redness sun rays. Unfortunately for me though I was stuck in astronomy. That days topic was our very own major planet earth. Dr. Bozyan was lecturing about how planet Earth was actually very wet, that nearly 71% of earths go upd is covered with water. I learned that while other worlds of the solar ashes have atmospheres, unless Earths contains the oxygen that we humans and animals need to survive. I had really hoped that wasnt true because I had big aspirations of one day living on mars. We l earned about about the greenhouse effect and how clouds, snow, ice and sand reflect about 31% of the incoming sunlight back into lacuna. The earth though to a fault emits radiation into space because of its temperature. Fighting off the urge to day dream about the nice weather, I managed to also learn how Earths magnetic sports stadium produces a magnetosphere that traps particles from the solar wind. Like the motions of Earths tectonic plates, Earths magnetic field results from our planets internal heat.The last occasion I wrote down in that class was a few interesting notes about how human activity such as Deforestation, burning of fossil fuels and industrial chemicals are damaging the ozone layer in the stratosphere. As I was seconds away from reaching freedom to the the spring air, Dr. Bozyan approached me and told me that she had a question for me. She was talking though in a soft almost arcanumive tone. She went on for about 10 proceeding how she worked for a top secret NA SA program that was interested in sending me on a mission. I laughed at that, it sounded like a calvin and Hobbs comic strip that I see in the Sunday paper. She went on and told me that the the great space race amongst Russia and the U.S.A. had never ended and that there was a race to gather observations from all nine planets in the solar system. They had top secret technology that would allow for this mission to be completed in just one week. The only catch was that it was so secret that I would be launching out of the URI planetarium that night, and that I couldnt tell anybody where I was going. Me being the chivalric type decided this would be a great opportunity to become famous and in the process get to see some landmarks like the whitish way and the man on the mope. Within hours I was in my very jump space shuttle and on my way to the moon.The fastest season to the moon was 8 hours and 35 minutes by NASAs New Horizons pluto mission. It was only going to read me 2 hours and 31 minutes and I was only supposed to stop at the moon for fuel because it was determined information about the outer planets was more important and we were trying to complete the mission in the quickest possible succession. As the man on the moon figure approached within eye shot, I began to observe and take note of anything I could. dismantle though NASA had already researchd the moon, that was no excuse for me not to absorb any observations of the moon for myself. I quickly began to observe that the moon was very dry and its surface was covered with plains and craters that is caused by the moon being bombarded by meteoric material also known as impact craters. As we touched down I quickly decided to throw on my space accommodate and check out the moon and its surroundings. I immediately found out that there was no atmosphere and no global magnetic field as it felt as if I were floating and that there was no gravity holding me down. at that place also appeared to be no l iquid water of any kind. I realized that the 3476 km diameter of the moon was really just a specification in the cloudless pitch black sky of space. My last observation of the moon as my shuttle was just about done filling up was that it was pretty cold out. It was about -180 degrees Celsius that night, much colder consequently I was used too. Luckily though, I also packed my arctic ready winter hat and jacket. Next stop would be Venus. As the count down began to victimize off I wondered if Venus had a man on the moon.On my way to Venus I decided that I should probably make myself a well deserved meal. I was gawking into the bag labeled food, in red sharpie that was handed to me right before take off, there was no pop tarts or my favorite barbecue chips . After much debate and intellection, I narrowed my choice to a cup of NASAS finest freeze dried ice cream. As we exited to approach what I assumed was Venus barely couldnt tell until we landed because of the clouds that were h iding its surface from view. The first thing that I noticed was the size. It seemed to be about the analogous size of earth, I had always thought of Venus being smaller then earth. What I also observed, was that practically the whole surface was covered in lava I felt like I was in some sort of sci-fi movie. Luckily for me I had a space suit because without it, I would have exploded. My Pressure meter on the left build up of my suit was telling me that the pressure was 90 atmospheres, which would be 90 times greater then the average air pressure at sea take on Earth. The temperature of Venus was very hot and I know that that was in my favor because if the temperature wasnt so hot, the clouds would open up with a rain of sulfuric acid, and believe me I did not want that. I stored these mental snap shots in my head and finished the last of my notes and prepared for take off to quicksilver.Mercury was definitely going to be one of the planets that I had to pay very close attention to when taking notes because only half of its surface had been viewed recently. Mercury was also going to be interesting to see because it has a very unique axis rotation, spinning three times on its axis for every 2 orbits around the sun. The first thing that I noticed on Mercury was that there was almost no atmosphere on the planet. That was pretty obvious because the planet looked life less and fried. I wrote in my observation notes that Mercury fried, literally because there was no atmosphere to protect against the harsh radiation of the sun. Mercury from my first view out the window reminded me a lot of the moon, there were craters every where. Mercury also from observation was definitely on the smaller side. As my time on Mercury was coming to a end, I realized that Mercury was a very boring planet to look at, only craters and low hypocrisy plains and cliffs.After the short trip from Mercury past Venus, Earth and the moon I approached Mars. I figured I could get a jump star t on finding a future plot of land, for when humans were on Mars. As I approached Mars, I could see that the planet was full of craters. I was to hold on on Mars for a full 12 hours while my rocket fueled up to make the trip to the outer planets. What I observed in those 12 hours was very interesting to me. I witnessed some incredible sights like vast canyons some 20,000 ft high, giant mountains and sand dunes. The air was very mothy and left a orange tint in the air. I quickly learned also that there was little atmosphere because as night started to affect tempters fell very rapidly and quickly well below 0. My rocket was fueled up again and it was time for take off. As I sit down down in my space barter, I noticed that Mars definitely lived up to its nick name of the red planet because my white space suit was now covered in red dust. Just like that though, it was time to leave Mars and head straight to the big guys, Jupiter and Saturn. I quickly learned that Jupiter was just as advertised very big I could see Jupiter from my rocket almost the whole trip there. Jupiter was very bright definitely brighter then any star I had ever seen. I noticed the dark and light bands as they appeared from the space craft window, I learned later on that these are called belts( darker bands) and zones( lighter bands). Jupiter was very hard to land because there was no solid surfaces. Using a scientific tool on the space craft I was able to determined that Jupiter made up almost entirely of hydrogen and helium, with some other trace gases. For this case it was very hard for me to take observations since I could not actually get out and explore Jupiter. For the lack of mobility and time I was quickly just like that on my way to to explore the great ring planet of Saturn. While approaching Saturn the ring that it is most famous for was very visible, I actually managed to take a photo with my space issued camera that was provided to me by NASA. Saturn was also huge although not as big as Jupiter it was definitely the second biggest thing I had ever seen, the first thing obviously being Jupiter. Like Jupiter I was unable to land on Saturn because of the chemical make up being mostly hydrogen and helium but the observations I was able to take away were that Saturns rings were made of thousands of narrow, closely spaced ringlets. Uranus and Neptune were next and if I wanted to make this trip in one week, I had to say good bye to the two gas giants and say hello to the trans-Saturnian planets.The two sister planets Uranus and Pluto were very much alike. My time on both planets were relatively the same experience. I was able to observe that both planets had many moons. Also the atmosphere on both planets was generally the same made up of mostly hydrogen and helium indicated by special tools on board the space craft. The one difference I did notice between these two sisters, is that Uranus actually rotates clock wiseinstead of counter clock wise. My visit wi th Uranus and Neptune was short and sweet. I packed my space craft and prepared it for lift off.3..2..1 blast off were the words that I heard through the microphone that was hooked up with NASA. I awoke laying in the quad. The sun was high in the sky and there was a slight breeze. I realized that I had accidentally snoozed off in the quad, and what started off with me closing my eyes for 5 minutes to catch some rays ended with a nap that lasted 3 hours. I unfortunately soon realized quickly after that my amazing top secret to space was actually nothing more then a dream. There was no fame to come of it, and my professor never actually gave me the trust to go on this top secret mission. Although my trip to the solar system may not have been real, it will be something though that I will never forget.

Hy-fy Hitch- Zygomatico-hyoid Suspension for Dysphagia

Hy-fy Hitch- Zygomatico-hyoid Suspension for DysphagiaHy-fy Hitch- Zygomatico-hyoid Suspension for the Managment of Post Surgical DysphagiaabstractDysphagia is not only a main(prenominal) symptom of the head and recognize cancer but also the dangerous complication of the various working(a) and other treatment modalities for the same. Though various studies take been done to diagnose this condition but very little is done towards the running(a) management of this life sentence threatening condition. through this article the new surgical proficiency of managing oroesophgeal dysphagia by hyoid suspension. Our technique zygomatico-hyoid suspension is simple and logically effective way of managing dysphagia secondary to the surgical resection of lesion in the unhurried with head and neck cancer. Though this technique is not tried in large number of patients therefrom the long bound benefits and overall improvement in patients quality of life is yet to be ascertained but still it can be a new direction in the surgical mangament of dysphagia.IntroductionDysphagia is a term derived from the Greek words dys (difficulty) and phagein (to eat)1. It is a symptom that expresses a disorder in the transport of food and endogenous secretions (saliva) through the upper digestive tract. Oroguttural consonant dysphagia (OD) is a more anatomically restricted term referred to alterations in the transfer of the bolus from the mouth to the esophagus (that means, in bolus propelling from the mouth to the pharynx, in the pharyngeal reconfiguration during the swallow, or in the opening of the upper esophageal sphincter.2OD is an inescapable concern in the management of patients with oral cancer. Being as a symptom at presentation, as an adverse effect during whatever the treatment, or as sequelae compromising the quality of life of the patients, swallowing disorders have to be adequately anticipated and dealt with. For an outcome to be considered functional, the patient has to b e able to swallow in an effective and safe manner. Actually, preserving a functional deglutition is usually the most important goal of the different function-preserving surgical techniques in head and neck cancer surgery.Normal oropharyngeal swallowingswallowing is mainly shargond into three phases 1) preparatory oral phase ,2) oral phase and the farthest 3) pharyngeal and oesophageal phase. mechanically ,several closely coordinated actions are involved(1) elevation and retraction of the soft palate with closure of oropharynx,(2) UES opening, (3) laryngeal closure at the train of the laryngeal vestibule,(4) tongue loading (ramping), (5) tongue pulsion ,and (6) pharyngeal clearance. a fundamental aspect of deglutitive pharyngeal reconfiguration is in transforming the oropharynx from a respiratory to a swallowing pathway by opening the inlet to the esophagus and sealing the inlet to the voice box. Laryngeal vestibule closure and hence airway protection during swallowing is achieve d by laryngeal elevation and forward tilting of the arytenoid cartilages against the base of the epiglottis. UES opening results from prior traction caused by contraction of the suprahyoid and infrahyoid musculature evident fluoroscopically by anterior hyoid movement.Pathophysiology of dysphagiaCan be divided into two categories1) directly due to the resection of the tissues involved in the swallowing i.e.tongue .2) due to the damage caused by the radiation therapy by following waysa de chamferd pharyngeal peristalsis.b decresed or defective posterior inversion of the base of the tongue towards the posterior pharyngeal wall.c decreased elevation of hyoid trick up and larynx and decreased inversion of epiglottis. The use of laryngeal suspension as a technique to improve function following surgcial resection of the anterior floor of the mouth was inaugural decribed by edgerton and duncan and DesPrez and Kiehn.3,4 after Jabaley and Hoopes simplified the concept of laryngeal suspen sion after partial or complete resection of hyo mandibular complex by means of a lumbering chromic catgut suture between the thyroid cartilage and mandibular symphysis on the premise that the main transmitter of force required to support the larynx is anterior and superior in the midline.5 Goode R.L. also described the similar technique of laryngeal suspension after summation laryngectomy by thyroid mandibular suspension and he found that swallowing function was improved significantly with his method of laryngeal suspension.6 Hillel A.D. and Goode R.L. gave lateral laryngeal suspension technique in which the throid cartlage was suspended to the condyle of resected mandible a qualifying of Goode R.Ls original technique, the advantage of this technique is it causes superior as well as lateral movement movement of larynx which widens the opening of opposite hypopharynx.7 al these techniques have proven that the hyoid suspension does improve swallowing function to some extent but all these techniques are hyomandibular suspension and our techniques is the only technique in which we have used zygomatic bone a support bone through which hyoid is suspended and in our view this technique provieds the most motionless and most effective way of displacing hyoid anterio-superiorly resulting in the better swallowing control.in this article we describe our method of hyoid-zygomtic suspension.Material and methodsWe perform zygomatico-hyoid suspension in all the patients undergoing total or partial glossectomy with or without mandible resection .the turn was performed at the mahatma gandhi cnacer institute miraj .Notes on Hyoid-zygomatic Suspension TechniqueThe hyoid suspension in which 24 imagine stainless steel wire was prestreched and using a awl 26cm in length a circumzygomatic to the hyoid bone suspension was carried out by the Key move were the following. the procedure was performed under genearal anesthesia while doing primary resection of the tumor .patient was placd in anti-trendelenburg mark with neck hyperextension. Incision was given in natural skin crease between the hyoid inferior body and the thyroid notch. Median strap muscle dissection between two imaginary parasagittal planes crossing the lesser cornu of the hyoid bone was carried out. Hyoid bone mobilizing test in anterosuperior direction carried out permanent hyoid fixation after having tested the correct position of the thyroid cartilage below the hyoid bone, following fixed steps which are as followsThe zygomatic loathly is palpated and puncture wound is performed at the origin of the temporal exercise of the zygomatic bone.Two pre-streched 24 gauge wires are passed circumferentially around the hyoid bone in the region where the insertion of the fibrous loop for the intermediate diagastric tendon is present.Later awl is inserted from the arch puncture wound and passed anterior to the masseteric muscle and brought to the hyoid bone body region where the already wire loops a re present.The wire is feed into the eye of the awl and later pulled out.This wire is removed from the awls eye and stablised.The awl now is reinserted superficial to the arch brought out from the previous anterior massetric site to the hyoid bone, the other end of wire is fed in the eye and the wire along with the awl is brought out.Traction is given bilaterally and the mobility of the hyoid along with its infrahyoid component is examined.Mandibular movements have to be checked before the wires are malformed and stabilised.Untoward traction is to be avoided in order to avoid hyoid bone fractures.Incision lines are closed in layers.Postoperative FollowupPostoperatively all patients tolerated the procedure well, with no intra- or postoperative complications. patients .all patients were kept on nasogatric provide ( NGT ) feeding for minimum 3 weeks postoperative period after which the decision to remove the tube and oral feeding was taken on the basis of patient to patient ability to swallow . No special or additional post-operative care or assessment is required .DiscussionThe hyoid is a u-shaped bone located in the anterior neck midline, at the centre of three force vectors directed, respectively, towards the mandible, sternum, and mastoid process. It gives insertion to the middle constrictor muscles, which form the lateral wall of the hypopharynx. The suspension of this bone to the Zygomatic bone restores the inferior collapse of the reconstructed floor and lateral mandibular region and improve the tone of the middle constrictor muscles. this technique unlike all the previous technique doesnt take support of the mandible at all hence in cases where in mandible resection is performed along with the tongue or the larynx this technique is probably the only option available to the surgeon to suspend the hyoid bone. Without resuspension, it is speculated that resection of submental lateral mandibular region may lead to inferior and posterior switching of the h yoid bone. A posterior displacementof the hyoid bone may be implicated in obstruction of the pharyngeal airway which in turn may lead to Dysphagia, or swallowing impairment . The postsurgical alteration in size and position of the hard and soft tissues surrounding the pharyngeal space is also responsible for the airway obstruction.CONCLUSIONCicumzygomatic hyoid suspension technique is a innovative technique and it is the only technique of hyoid suspension in which instead of mandible the support is taken from zygomatic bone . as in this technique the vector is in same direction but its supporting bone absolutely nonmobile there by giving greater elevation and stable anterior displacement in comparison to the other tehcniques of hyoid suspension. we found that swallowing and infra hyoid functions improvedin our patient thereby QOL improved. This Hyoid suspension technique is effective when short-term results are considered. The necessity of a more valuable anatomic-based diagnostic a pproach is crucial to guide the patient selection. Long-term follow-ups and randomized prospective trials with case-control series are ask to increase the level of evidence of this surgery.

The Origin Of Gypsies English Language Essay

The Origin Of Gypsies English Language EssayThis report allow explore the communication channel of Gypsies, their traditions, culture, and discrimination associated with them. By the end of this report the unique traditions and general culture of the Romani, generall(a)y known as Gypsies will be evident. Throughout the centuries, Roma (Gypsies) devote been misunderstood by society. Due to their unique and indifferent culture, traditions, and lifestyle. Other cultures have become suspicious and fearful of them. This led to furious speculation, stereotypes and judgment of these misunderstood quite a little. In general, most Europeans presume that Gypsies originate from Romania and although this is non the case, the image of the Romanian people has been maligned for decades.BackgroundRoma (Gypsies) do not originate in Romania or Egypt as is the common belief. The Romas atomic number 18 a nomadic tribe originating in India. In the second half of the 18th century evidence from schol ars shows that Gypsies come from northern India. prof Lub Kalaydjieva of the University of Western Australia and his team did a DNA study of eight to tenner million people in Europe known as Gypsies. They have ten years experience studying Romani genetics. They discover that Romani (Gypsies) originate from India. Another indication that Gypsies come from India are the similarities amid Indian language, Sanskrit and the language communicate by the Roma. Language, numerals, kinships terms, names of body parts, music and similarities exist between Indian and Roma.TraditionTraditionally, each Romani family or clan has a trade or profession which is followed and passed on from generation to generation. One of the things Romani are known for are of their skilled trades. Horse dealers and horse breeders are one of them. They could diagnose the illnesses of horses and comment ways to heal them. They also are known for their ability to change horse shoes. The Roma also established a good name for themselves by being very skilled blacksmiths. This was one of the oldest and the chief(prenominal)stay of Romani trades. Today not some(prenominal) Romani are committed to blacksmithing but rather make candle holders, mountings, latticework and many other artistic objects.Another well established profession for the Roma is that of a coppersmith. They are well known for their surpass craftsmanship and currently make pots and tin caldrons. In Romania, Hungary and other Balkan countries they static practice the wood carving profession they brought with them from India. Carving utensils like spoons and troughs for people that are in need of them. A spoon maker in Romania and the Balkans is called Lingurar. Croatia and Hungary they have a different name for a spoon maker, called Bejas. Among other trades such as leather workers, bear and snake trainers, sharpening knives, making unfired bricks from clay, musician, farmers and other trades they had to master to make a fund ing.It seems surprising to some that some Romani are educated and in highly regarded positions. There are some among us today that have established careers for themselves such as doctors, lawyers, car mechanics, computer programmers and so on.Culture meshOne of the Romani traditions is to beat back conjoin at the age fifteen. To distinguish between non married and married women is to notice that married women have their head covered with a cloth called Batic. The Batic (head-kerchief) represents the symbol of married women. The first step to get married is for the boys parents to send a messenger to the girls parents house with all kinds of gifts. Typically, the girls parents receive wine-coloured and money. Once the messenger arrives at the house he confronts the girls founder and lets him know who he was sent by. The messenger asks the arrive if he approves of his daughters marriage. Once he approves the conjugal union, than he informs Council. The Council is the older man i n the community. The girls father asks the council if they approve as well. If they do, than the messenger has to offer to buy all the people in the community drinks. To settle the hymeneals day the boys parents and relatives go the girls house, except the groom. In the Roma community there are some strict rules that it must be followed for the marriage to go on.If the father of the bride is not wealthy, he has right to demand money for his daughter. It all depends on the beauty of the bride. If his quantity is not met, than he has the right to call off the wedding.If the father of the bride is wealthy, he doesnt have the right to inquire for any money.Normally upscale people stick with their own kind. They wed their kids with a wealthy family.On no account a poor man will ever ask for bori (daughter in law) from a well-offman.In some cases the mans poor daughter gets married with a wealthy man only if the boyfinds her very attractive.The proximo in-laws negotiate the girls contri butions before the completion of the engagement.The following are the normal gifts that the girl gets from the future in-laws50 skirts of 5 m long each50 aprons of 2 m long eachskirts of 3 m long each50 handkerchiefs50 shirtsThree large pillows of 1m stuffed with goose feathersA big necklace with gold coinsThe smallest necklace has ten golden coins on it. Gradually the necklace gets bigger with gold coins depending of the wealth of the brides father. normally a necklace will never reach 100 golden coins. Other contributions may be presented such as various cooking pots, plates, carpets furniture. It is the obligation of the start of the bride to give her daughter everything that is needed for her new home.The Wedding dayFor the first day of the wedding, one woman from the brides side and one from grooms side are to assist dress the bride with her white dress. Not just any woman can be picked from any sides. They had to have the following criterias not to be married to a greater e xtent the once, she had to be a virgin on her wedding, be wealthy, hard worker, have kids and have unity in her family. The wedding lasts minimum of 3 days to a week eating, drinking and dancing. In this day and age, some Roma enclose their weddings at restaurant having two hundred to three hundred guests. All the wedding guests give gifts to the newly-weds. Once the wedding is finished the bride has to cover her head with a scarf. The only person she is permitted to show her hair to is her conserve. These traditions are practiced within many Roma communities, but unfortunately in big towns and cities these traditions are slowly disappearing.BaptismAnother Roma tradition is baptism. Once a woman knows she is pregnant she informs her husband and other women in her clan. She becomes isolated and taken care of only by the women. Normally, the pregnancy takes place in someone elses tent, trailer or house so their own home doesnt become sinful. After two weeks or three the baptism takes place. The child is purified by the water at the baptism. Only after the ceremony, people so are allowed to say the childs name and take any pictures of the child.Romani HolocaustIsnt it extraordinary that the majority of us never heard of the Romani Holocaust? Is it because it was not brought to our attention like the Jewish Holocaust? Maybe the education in school has a small part to do with it or the mass media. We all know about the Jewish Holocaust one way or some other. The Holocaust started between 1933 to 1945 when Adolf Hitler was in power, and annihilating of more than six million Jews. Jews were the main target but besides them another 5.5 millions of others such as Romani, Sinti, homosexuals, and others that were against Nazi regime, were mass murdered. History shows that Gypsies were hated and persecuted as much as the Jews. In 1935 a new Law came into effect called Nuremberg Law. This Law was created to forbid any Gypsy marriages with white people. In January 1940 a t Buchenwald a concentration camp was established. A sad month, were two hundred and fifty Romani kids are used as experiment the cyanide gas crystal. August 2nd and 3rd of 1944, it was one of the unspeakable days of the Romani history, were several thousand Romani were massacred at the Zigeunerlager in Auschwtiz-Birkenau concentration camp. The number of Romani massacres is unknown due to lack of documentation. Scholars estimated to be between 250,000 to 500,000 thousand, but it could be more. Not many survived as prisoners of struggle. If they wouldnt die from starvation, they passed away from diseases or brutality. If not killed from the medical experiments they were submitted to, they would die from poisonous gas or execution.Nazis highly-developed a system to speed up the process of the mass elimination. They made six more extermination centers by which they could mass murder people by gas and body disposal threw cremating their bodies. It is sad to say, that 70% to 80% of t he Romani population had been annihilated by the Nazi regime by the end of the war in 1945.PopulationThere are more than twelve million Roma located in many countries around the world. Unfortunately, it is hard know the need numbers of Roma population in the world. Due to the discrimination people fear to disclose their true identity as Romani.DiscriminationRomani people have been discriminated throughout history and still nowadays their situation it has not gotten any better than before. They are not given the equal opportunity to adduce in our society. Most of us do not know very much about Romani traditions, culture, and history. Therefore, most of the stereotypes come from the stories and the mass media. The discrimination that is still happening all around the world but mostly in Europe is as strong as ever. This has stopped Romani people to get access to jobs, social security systems, services and housing. One incident that occurred in the Czech Republic was highly publicize d on CBC News. A novel man at 17 year of age, walking home was confronted by prejudiced group of skinheads. Threaten him by saying today he will die. He was thrown on the ground and insolated and beaten so badly that he had to be hospitalized for a week. Now 24 year of age and living in Hamilton, Ontario the victim is happy not to worry that someone will jump him when walking down the street due to his nationality. Discrimination continues to occur in Europe like Bulgaria, Czech Republic and Slovakia and others countries through segregation. There are established separate schools only for Romani children. In other words, they are brand as Gypsy schools. Where there is low standard of teaching and poor material conditions. Governments around Europe need to change policy to end educational segregation of the Romani people. Romani children need to receive equal opportunities in education as the non Romani students so they can achieve the same or better goals in life. Without the right education, they are not able to espouse in our society. With a good education they will be able to succeed through better careers and opportunities, thereby being able to support themselves and their families.ConclusionI believe no race or human being should be discriminated against. We all deserve the right of freedom and equal rights. We should all take some time to read and explore and understand about one another culture and traditions. Lets not be judgmental and jump to conclusions of what we hear in our mass media these days. We are all humans, and we all make mistakes one way or another. Some more than others and some less. If some people from the same nationality like Romani make mistakes and break the law by stealing, mugging, or other acts of violence. We should not stereotype and conclude that all the Romani people are the same. They deserve a chance to show that they are better than what they are exploited by others.